Determination of haloacetic acids concentrations in hospital effluent after chlorination by ion chromatography

The ion chromatography combined solid phase extraction (SPE) method was developed for the analysis of low concentration haloacetic acids(HAAs),a calss of disinfection by-products formed as a result of chlorination of hospital wastewater. The monitored HAAs included monochloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, dibromoacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid. The method employed a sodium hydroxide eluent at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min, electrolytically generated gradients, and suppressed conductivity detection. To analyze the HAAs in real hospital wastewater samples, C18 pretreatment cartridge was utilized to reduce samples' turbidity. Preconcentration with SPE and matrix elimination with treatment cartridges were investigated and were found to be able to obtain acceptable detection limits. Linearity, repeatability and detection limits of the above method were evaluated. The detection limits of monobromoacetic acid and dibromoacetic acid were 2.61 μg/L and 1.30 μg/L respectively, and the other three are ranging from 0.48 to 0.82 μg/L under 25-fold preconcentration. When the above optimization procedure was applied to three hospital wastewater samples with different treatment processes in Tianjin, it was found that the dichloroacetic acid is the major compound, and the growth ratios of the HAAs after disinfection by sodium hypochlorite were 91.28%, 63.61% and 79.50%, respectively.     

武汉地区医疗废物处理现状及对策分析

从医疗废物的来源及其对人体健康和环境的危害入手,结合医疗废物在收集、储存、运输、处理处置过程中的特殊要求,对武汉地区医疗废物管理现状进行了全面分析.针对存在的问题,对武汉地区医疗废物的全程管理和环境无害化处理处置进行了探讨,提出了相应的建议和对策.     

医院项目在环保验收监测中应关注的重点问题——以昆山宗仁卿纪念医院一期工程为例

本文依据项目竣工环保验收规范性文件、医院污水处理技术指南、医疗废物管理条例等相关规定和要求,论述了此类项目环保验收监测工作中应关注的重点问题,以及目前存在的问题及解决方案,并以工程实例进行了说明。     

医院污水处理中可吸附有机卤化物（AOX）及其毒性研究

对序批式膜生物反应器（MBR）处理前后医院污水中的AOX进行了比较,分析了c_Rt值对不同水质中AOX生成量的影响及相应的生物毒性.结果表明,序批式MBR对医院污水中AOX的去除率达到63.6％,其中膜截留占14.5％;要获得相同的c_Rt值,原污水所需的投氯量显著高于MBR出水,相应生成的AOX浓度也较高;通过曲线拟合发现,随着c_Rt的增长,医院原污水中AOX浓度呈指数增长,而MBR出水呈线性关系.以粪大肠杆菌为指示微生物,要达到医院污水微生物排放标准（GB 18466-2005）,医院原污水所需c_Rt为5.5 (mg·h)/L,而MBR出水只需c_Rt为0.007 5 (mg·h)/L,其相应的生物毒性分别为40.39 μg/L和8.96 μg/L (以K₂Cr₂O₇计),AOX浓度分别为607.1 μg/L和102.5 μg/L.     

MBR处理医院污水后续氯消毒及其消毒副产物研究

针对医院污水中致病微生物的特殊排放要求,研究了膜生物反应器（MBR）应用于医院污水处理中的预消毒及其后续氯消毒特性.结果表明,在工程应用中MBR具有显著的预消毒作用,对医院污水中的细菌总数和粪大肠杆菌的去除率分别达到2.0～3.1 lg和2.8～4.0 lg;对于MBR出水中残留的微生物,采用次氯酸钠进行后续消毒,当接触时间为1 h,在有效氯浓度为0.8 　mg/L时,可检测不出粪大肠杆菌,且放置6 h未见再生长,相应的THMs和HAAs分别为16.94 μg/L和32.10 μg/L;固定接触时间,随着Cl₂/DOC值的增加,MBR出水中THMs和HAAs均近似呈线性增长趋势（r²分别为0.941?5和 0.965?2）,且HAAs的增长速率高于THMs.     

医院智能应急疏散导航方法与物联网应用研究*

为解决大型复杂医院建筑紧急疏散下的路线指引问题,提出适合复杂空间结构的疏散拓扑地图自动生成方法,同时提出基于组合神经网络的疏散决策模型,以应对医院建筑中各种静态动态的危险源,基于该疏散指引方法,研发智能疏散导航物联网装置Nav-IoT。研究结果表明:该方法可实时采集医院多种危险情况,通过决策网络和多种物联网智能设备进行动态决策,并发出明确移动指引信号,能够有效提升疏散过程的安全度和效率,满足大型复杂医院建筑内的智能化、动态化的人员应急疏散需求。     

Determining the level and cost of sickness presenteeism among hospital staff in Turkey

Objective. This study aimed to determine the associations between sickness presenteeism and socio-demographic factors, perceived health status and health complaints among hospital staff and to calculate the cost burdens and productivity losses attributed to presenteeism. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted using 951 hospital staff, including physicians, nurses, midwives, other health personnel and administrative staff working in two hospitals located in K?r?kkale province in Turkey. The health and work performance questionnaire developed by Kessler et al. was revised to measure sickness presenteeism. Results. After performing Student’s t test and a one-way analysis of variance, presenteeism was mostly observed in women, nurse-midwives, young employees, university health staff and health workers with low health status. Average productivity loss and cost of lost productivity per staff member were calculated as 19.92?h/TRY 315.57 for 2 weeks and 478.08?h/TRY 7573.68 for 1 year. Conclusions. The problem of sickness presenteeism is mostly observed in women and nurses. It causes both financial burdens and productivity losses for hospitals. These survey results are thus expected to provide critically important information on presenteeism for decision-makers and healthcare managers.     

Analysing workplace violence towards health care staff in public hospitals using alternative ordered response models: the case of north-eastern Turkey

The main objective of this article is to determine key factors that may have a significant effect on the verbal abuse, emotional abuse and physical assault of health care workers in north-eastern Turkey. A self-administered survey was completed by 450 health care workers in three well-established hospitals in Erzurum, Turkey. Because of the discrete and ordered nature of the dependent variable of the survey, the data were analysed using four distinctive ordered response models. Results revealed that several key variables were found to be a significant determinant of workplace violence, such as the type of health institution, occupational position, weekly working hours, weekly shift hours, number of daily patient contacts, age group of the respondents, experience in the health sector, training against workplace violence and current policies of the hospitals and the Turkish Ministry of Health.     

Percutaneous Exposure Incidents Among Australian Hospital Staff

We investigated all reported percutaneous exposure incidents (PEI) among staff from a large Australian hospital in the 3-year period, 2001-2003. There were a total of 373 PEI, of which 38.9% were needlestick injuries, 32.7% were cutaneous exposures and 28.4% sharps-related injuries. Nurses were the most commonly affected staff members, accounting for 63.5% of the total, followed by doctors (18.8%) and other staff ( 17.7%). Needlestick injuries were responsible for the majority of nurses’ PEI (44.7%). Sharps injuries constituted the major category for doctors (44.3%). Most needlestick injuries (67.6%) were caused by hollow-bore needles, while the majority of cutaneous exposures involved blood or serum (55.8%). Most sharps injures were caused by unknown devices (35.9%) or suture needles (34.9%). Overall, our investigation suggests that PEI is a considerable burden for health care workers in Australia. Further research is now required to determine the relationships, if any, between workers who suffer PEI and those who do not.     

医用玻璃及医疗垃圾灰渣的结渣特性研究

医疗垃圾的特性和成分是改善焚烧装置设计、运行及控制性能的重要参数.为了研究医用玻璃对医疗垃圾焚烧炉的影响,从医疗废物处置中心采集了玻璃和灰渣样品,分析了其化学组分和熔融温度.与煤灰成分相比,医用玻璃中的SiO2和碱金属氧化物含量较高.通过不同玻璃间的比较,总结了化学组分对熔融温度的影响.软化温度随着SiO2、CaO含量的增加而升高,但随B2O3、Na2O含量的增加而迅速降低.改变不同玻璃的混合比例.研究了混合玻璃的熔融特性.利用煤灰结渣指数对医疗垃圾灰渣的结渣倾向进行了判定.结果显示,仅沾污指数能够对灰渣得出适宜的判别.